1 Introduction 2 64.6 53:50
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| 2 The Rishis said, "O son of Suta, tell us about Samanta-panchaka." Sauti said, "In the Treta Yuga, Rama, son of Jamadagni, annihilated the Kshatriyas and formed five lakes of blood at Samanta-panchaka. His ancestors, gratified by his valor, granted him absolution and sanctified the lakes. The region became a holy site. In the Dwapara Yuga, the armies of the Kauravas and Pandavas fought here, resulting in the deaths of eighteen Akshauhinis of soldiers, making it a renowned holy site." |
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2 Paushya Parva 1 24.6 20:30
| 3 Janamejaya's brothers beat a celestial dog, who reported to his mother Sarama. She cursed them. Alarmed, Janamejaya sought absolution. During a hunt, he found Srutasrava's son Somasrava, who became his Purohita, bringing peace. Meanwhile, Ayoda-Dhaumya's disciples, Upamanyu and Aruni, endured tests. Upamanyu invoked the Aswins to restore his sight. Aruni used his body to block a watercourse, earning blessings. Veda served his preceptor diligently, gaining knowledge. Janamejaya conducted a snake sacrifice to avenge his father, succeeding with divine help, fulfilling his duty. |
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3 Pauloma Parva 9 17.3 14:25
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| 5 "Sauti said, 'O Brahmana, having heard these words from Agni, the Rakshasa assumed the form of a boar and seized the lady. The child of Bhrigu, enraged, dropped from his mother's womb, named Chyavana. The Rakshasa, seeing the infant, released her and was instantly turned into ashes.'" |
| 6 "Sauti said, 'Agni, enraged by Bhrigu's curse, argued his case to Brahma. Brahma resolved the issue, allowing Agni to continue participating in rituals while keeping his purity intact. Agni resumed his duties, maintaining the sanctity of ceremonies and ensuring the continued prosperity of sacrifices and rituals.'" |
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| 7 "Sauti said, 'The Rakshasa carried off Bhrigu's wife. She gave birth to Chyavana, who burned the Rakshasa to ashes. Agni, questioned about the abduction, confirmed the truth but was cursed by Bhrigu. Agni then withdrew, causing distress. Brahma intervened, restoring ceremonies, and Agni resumed his duties.'" |
| 8 "Sauti said, 'While Brahmanas sat around Pramadvara’s body, Ruru, grieving, entered the forest and wept aloud. A heavenly messenger offered a way to revive Pramadvara by transferring half of Ruru’s life to her. Ruru agreed, and Pramadvara was revived.'" |
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| 9 Sauti said, 'Ruru vowed to kill all snakes after his wife was bitten. Dundubha, a cursed Rishi named Sahasrapat, pleaded for mercy. Ruru, moved by compassion, spared the Dundubha and inquired about the curse's cause and duration.' So ends the tenth section of the Pauloma Parva of the Adi Parva. |
| 10 "Sauti continued, 'The Dundubha said, 'I was cursed by an ascetic to become a venomless serpent. When Ruru appears, I shall be freed.' Ruru, seeing him, freed the serpent who advised, 'Spare lives, be benevolent, and follow Brahmana virtues, not Kshatriya duties.'" |
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4 Astika Parva 42 76.8 1:04
| 13 "Sauti said, 'That Brahmana of rigid vows wandered the earth for a wife but found none. One day in the forest, he prayed for a bride. Vasuki offered his sister, Jaratkaru, for the Rishi's acceptance. Jaratkaru accepted her with ordained rites.'" |
| 14 Sauti said, "To neutralize an ancient curse, the chief of the snakes married his sister to Rishi Jaratkaru. They had a son named Astika, who later saved the Nagas from the Snake-sacrifice and fulfilled his duties by practicing austerities, studying the Vedas, and begetting offspring, thus propitiating gods, Rishis, and ancestors." |
| 15 "Saunaka said, 'O Sauti, tell us the story of Astika. Our curiosity is great.' "Sauti said, 'Prajapati had two daughters, Kadru and Vinata, who became Kasyapa's wives. Kadru wished for a thousand splendid snakes, and Vinata wished for two superior sons. Kasyapa granted their wishes before going to the forest.'" |
| 16 "Sauti said, 'O ascetic, the two sisters saw the divine steed Uchchaihsravas, arising from the churning of the Ocean for nectar. Graceful and perpetually young, it was worshipped by the gods.' "Saunaka asked, 'Why did the gods churn the Ocean for nectar?' "Sauti said, 'There is a mountain named Meru, of blazing appearance.'" |
| 17 "Sauti said, 'O ascetic, the gods and Asuras churned the ocean using Mount Mandara and snake Vasuki. Ananta, the snake prince, helped. The churning produced various wonders, including the nectar of immortality. However, the poison Kalakuta also emerged, which Shiva swallowed to save the world, earning him the name Nilakantha (blue-throated).' " |
| 18 Vishnu, disguised as an enchantress, retrieved the Amrita from the Danavas. Rahu, a Danava, drank the nectar, but Narayana cut off his head with his discus. The gods and Asuras battled, with Narayana's discus destroying thousands. The gods emerged victorious, and the Daityas fled to the earth and sea. |
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| 19 Kadru and Vinata wagered on Uchchaihsravas' color. Kadru's sons, the snakes, refused to deceive Vinata, and Kadru cursed them to be consumed by Agni. Brahman sanctioned the curse, considering the snakes' virulent poison and strength
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| 20 Kadru's sons were consumed by Agni, and the earth was scorched. The burning caused distress, leading to the creation of the sacred Ganges and various cures. Vishnu blessed the sacred waters, ensuring their sanctity and divine power.' |
| 21 Sauti described the Ocean, a vast and deep receptacle of waters, full of creatures, gems, and terror. Agitated by winds and the moon, it's the bed of Vishnu and refuge of Mainaka and the Asuras. Fathomless and immeasurable, mighty rivers rush into it like proud competitors. |
| 22 The Nagas obeyed Kadru, transforming into hairs in the horse's tail. Kadru and Vinata journeyed to see the Ocean, marveling at its might, depth, and diverse creatures. The Ocean, home to various beings, was a mine of gems and a reservoir of holy water. |
| 23 Kadru enslaved Vinata after winning their wager. Garuda, born from an egg, grew rapidly, his splendor equal to fire. The gods, frightened, sought Agni's protection. Agni calmed them, explaining Garuda's purpose. The gods adored Garuda, hailing him as the universe's presiding spirit, creator, and destroyer, seeking his mercy. |
| 24 Garuda diminished his size and energy, then flew to his mother's side with Aruna. Aruna became Surya's charioteer, absorbing his fierce rays and saving the worlds from destruction. Surya was wrathful due to Rahu's attempt to devour him during the churning of the ocean. |
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| 25 Garuda carried the snakes on his back towards the Sun, but they swooned away due to the heat. Kadru prayed to Indra, praising his power and worship, and implored him to protect the snakes. She acknowledged him as the Creator, Destroyer, and Lord of all gods. |
| 26 Indra commanded his clouds to pour water, causing a massive downpour. The sky darkened, and the earth flooded, filling even the nether regions with cool water. The snakes reached Ramaniyaka island safely, delighted by the rain. The sky seemed to dance in madness with waves, lightning, and violent winds. |
| 27 The Nagas, delighted by the rain, arrived at the island with Garuda. They saw a beautiful forest and asked Garuda to take them to another fair island. Garuda asked his mother Vinata why he had to obey the snakes, and she explained her slavery to Kadru. Garuda asked the snakes how to be freed, and they replied: "Bring us amrita by force." |
| 28 Garuda asked Vinata what to eat on his way to fetch amrita. She told him to eat the Nishadas, but warned him to never harm a Brahmana, describing them as fiery and potent. Vinata blessed Garuda and asked the gods to protect him. He then flew to the Nishadas, raising a dust storm and swallowing them whole. |
| 29 Kasyapa told Garuda to eat an elephant and tortoise fighting in a sacred lake, formerly brothers cursed by greed. Garuda seized them and flew to Alamva, settling on a banian tree to eat his prey, causing the branch to break under his weight. |
| 30 Garuda flew to Gandhamadana, where Kasyapa warned him about the Valakhilyas. They propitiated the Rishis, who left, and Garuda threw the bough on a deserted mountain, ate his prey, and flew off. The gods, warned by Vrihaspati, prepared to defend the amrita against Garuda. |
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| 31 Indra insulted the Valakhilyas, who sought revenge through a sacrifice. Kasyapa intervened, and they agreed to create a powerful bird instead. Vinata, Kasyapa's wife, gave birth to Garuda, who became the lord of birds, and Aruna, the fore-runner of the Sun. |
| 32 Garuda, the king of birds, attacked the gods with his talons, beak, and wings, causing them to flee. He mangled the Yakshas and eventually reached the amrita, surrounded by fire. Garuda extinguished the fire by drinking water from many rivers with his ninety times ninety mouths and entered the place where the Soma was. |
| 33 Garuda, in a golden body, passed through a steel wheel and defeated two snakes to obtain the Soma. He met Vishnu, was granted two boons, and became his carrier. Indra hurled a thunderbolt, but Garuda laughed, respecting the Rishi, Vajra, and Indra, and cast a admired feather. |
| 34 Garuda boasted about his strength to Indra, refusing to give him the Soma. Indra granted Garuda a boon, and Garuda asked to eat the snakes. Indra took the Amrita back to heaven, leaving the snakes to lick the kusa grass, dividing their tongues. Garuda devoured the snakes and enjoyed himself with his mother. |
| 35 Saunaka asked Sauti to recite the names of the principal snakes. Sauti listed 64 snakes, including Sesha, Vasuki, Airavata, Takshaka, and others. He concluded that the total number of snakes was impossible to calculate, numbering in the thousands and millions. |
| 36 Sesha, the eldest snake, practised penances to avoid his wicked brothers. Brahma offered him a boon, and Sesha asked to delight in virtue and ascetic penances. Brahma asked Sesha to hold the Earth steady, which he did, supporting it with his head. Brahma praised Sesha as the god Dharma, supporting the world like Indra. |
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| 37 Vasuki gathered his brothers to stop Janamejaya's sacrifice, but disliked their suggestions: disguising as Brahmanas, biting the priest, extinguishing the fire, stealing Soma juice, biting people, defiling food, demanding fees, kidnapping, or killing the king. Vasuki sought a righteous solution, believing only their father's grace could save them. |
| 38 Elapatra told the snakes that fate was their only refuge. He shared a conversation between the gods and Brahma, who said a Rishi named Jaratkaru's son Astika would stop the sacrifice. Vasuki's sister, also named Jaratkaru, would be the Rishi's wife, and giving her to him in marriage would be their release. |
| 39 Vasuki, still cursed, raised his sister Jaratkaru. After the ocean churn, he appealed to Brahma, who told him to follow Elapatra's advice and bestow Jaratkaru on the Brahmana Jaratkaru. Vasuki ordered his snakes to watch for the Rishi's request for a wife, crucial for their race's fate. |
| 40 Saunaka asked about Rishi Jaratkaru's name, and Sauti explained it meant "huge waste" due to his reduced body size from ascetic penances. Then, Saunaka asked about Astika's birth, and Sauti told the story of King Parikshit's encounter with Jaratkaru, who was observing silence, and the king's subsequent insult. |
| 41 Sringin, enraged by King Parikshit's insult to his father, cursed the king to die within seven days by the snake Takshaka. However, his father, Jaratkaru, disapproved of the
curse. He blessed his son Astika with knowledge of the right way and instructed him to save the king by stopping the snake sacrifice. |
| 42 Astika performed rigorous penances and received knowledge from Brahma. He proceeded to Janamejaya's sacrifice, where he intervened by narrating the story of the celestial beings and gods. Astika's presence and discourse calmed the king and his priests, averting the snakes' destruction. |
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5 Adivansavatarana Parva 6 78.8 1:05:40
| 43 Astika’s eloquent narration of celestial legends caused Janamejaya to cease the sacrifice, praising him as a great sage. Astika convinced the king to worship Vishnu, who protected the universe, ensuring peace and harmony. This act of grace saved the snakes from destruction. |
| 44 Sauti described the beautiful Mahabharata's final chapters, where various divine beings and sages participate in the story. He narrates the virtues of Astika and the roles of different characters, including the protection of the earth, the universe's sustenance, and the preservation of righteousness. |
| 45 Sauti's narration included the powerful recitations of Vedic hymns and prayers that honored the gods and sages. He emphasized the importance of following dharma (righteousness) and maintaining purity of heart and mind to gain favor and blessings from the divine beings. |
| 46 Sauti concluded with reflections on the Mahabharata's deeper meanings, including the themes of fate, duty, and divine intervention. He praised the epic as a timeless guide to living virtuously and seeking spiritual enlightenment, with each character embodying specific aspects of moral and ethical teachings. |
| 47 The text concludes with a tribute to the wisdom of the Mahabharata, recognizing its role in imparting moral lessons and spiritual guidance. The epic's story, characters, and divine interactions are celebrated for their timeless relevance and the profound impact they have on understanding the nature of life and the universe. |
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| 48 A detailed account of the final parts of the Mahabharata showcases the culmination of key events and divine interactions. The narrative highlights the significance of each story and character in reinforcing the epic's central themes of duty, righteousness, and divine providence. |
| 49 The concluding chapters emphasize the epic's role as a comprehensive guide to understanding the principles of dharma, karma, and the cyclical nature of existence. Sauti's narrative serves as a reminder of the eternal relevance of the Mahabharata's teachings in guiding human behavior and spiritual growth. |
| 50 The final verses of the Mahabharata offer reflections on the lessons learned from the epic, highlighting the importance of adhering to divine principles and seeking spiritual wisdom. The epic's profound messages continue to inspire and guide those who seek to understand the deeper truths of life and the universe. |
| 51 King Janamejaya vowed to avenge his father's death with a snake-sacrifice to kill Takshaka. His priests told him of a ancient sacrifice to achieve this, and preparations began. However, a builder warned that a Brahmana would interrupt the sacrifice, prompting the king to restrict access to the proceedings. |
| 52 The snake-sacrifice began, and snakes fell into the fire, trembling with fear. They came in large numbers, twining together, and perished with great violence. Snakes of all sizes and colors fell, uttering cries, their bodies strong and virulent, their poison deadly. |
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| 53 The snake-sacrifice continued, with snakes falling into the fire, filling the air with cries and stench. Takshaka sought Indra's protection, while Vasuki appealed to his sister to save him and their relatives from the fire. |
| 54 Jaratkaru told Astika it was time to fulfill his purpose: saving the snakes from Kadru's curse. Kadru had cursed them for refusing to falsely represent Uchchaihsravas. Astika promised to protect them and stop the sacrifice, and went to the sacrificial compound, adoring the king, priests, and sacred fire. |
| 55 Astika praised King Janamejaya's sacrifice, comparing it to legendary ones. He blessed the king, saying his sacrifice was exceptional and his splendor equal to the sun. Astika likened the king's strength and energy to those of gods and legendary figures. |
| 56 King Janamejaya was impressed by Astika's wisdom and wanted to grant him a boon. The Sadasyas agreed, but only if Takshaka, the snake king, was present. Astika asked the king to end the sacrifice, and the king offered him gold, silver, and cattle instead. Astika refused, asking only that the sacrifice be ended. |
| 57 Sauti listed snakes that fell into the fire, including those from Vasuki's race (Kotisa, Manasa, Purna), Takshaka's race (Puchchandaka, Mandalaka), Airavata's race (Paravata, Pandara), Kauravya's race (Eraka, Kumaraka), and Dhritarashtra's race (Sankukarna, Sukhana). |
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| 58 Sauti told Saunaka about Astika's encounter with King Janamejaya. Takshaka, the snake, remained in mid-air, afraid to fall into the fire, after Astika told him to "stay" three times. The king granted Astika's boon, ending the sacrifice and sparing the snakes. Astika requested that anyone who read or heard the story would have no fear of snakes, and the snakes agreed. |
| 59 Saunaka asked Sauti to recite the Mahabharata, a sacred history composed by Vyasa. Sauti agreed, feeling pleasure in sharing the story. Saunaka listened intently, eager to hear the tale of the Pandavas. The Mahabharata began to unfold, born from Vyasa's ocean-like mind. |
| 60 Vyasa, the grandfather of the Pandavas, arrived at Janamejaya's snake sacrifice. He was revered by all and had mastered the Vedas and histories. Janamejaya welcomed Vyasa with a golden seat and worshiped him. The king asked Vyasa to recite the history of the Kurus and Pandavas, including the cause of their disunion and the great battle. Vyasa directed his disciple Vaisampayana to narrate the history. |
| 61 Vaisampayana recited the history of the Pandavas, persecuted by their cousins, the Kurus. They survived attempts on their lives, fled to the woods, and later built a kingdom in Khandavaprastha. Arjuna obtained Subhadra as his wife and gratified Agni with Vasudeva's help. The Pandavas eventually reclaimed their kingdom after a war. |
| 62 Janamejaya asked Vaisampayana to recite the entire Mahabharata, curious about the Pandavas and Kurus. Vaisampayana agreed, praising the history as sacred, excellent, and equal to the Vedas, granting victory and salvation. He began to recite the story, starting with the generation of the Kurus and Pandavas. |
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| 63 Vaisampayana continued, "Uparichara, a virtuous king, befriended a fish-turned-woman, Girika, and had a son, Matsya. Parasara, a sage, married Satyavati, a fisherwoman, and had Vyasa, a great scholar. Bhishma, a hero, was born to Ganga and King Santanu. Dharma, as Vidura, was born with wisdom and intelligence. The Pandavas, five brothers, and the Kauravas, led by Duryodhana, clashed in the great battle of the Kurus, a tale of heroism, duty, and the struggle between good and evil." |
| 64 Janamejaya asks about the Pandavas and Kauravas' birth. Vaisampayana explains that after Parasurama killed the Kshatriyas, their women had children with Brahmanas, restarting the Kshatriya race. The earth was governed virtuously until Asuras, born as kings, oppressed it. Brahman appointed gods to be born on earth to ease the burden, leading to the birth of the Pandavas and Kauravas. |
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6 Sambhava Parva 78 341.1 4:44
| 65 Vaisampayana tells Janamejaya about the birth of gods, Danavas, Gandharvas, and Apsaras. Daksha's daughters, including Aditi and Diti, had many offspring. Aditi's sons, the twelve Adityas, included Vishnu. Danu's forty sons included Viprachitti and Vana. This account is sacred and brings blessings. |
| 66 Vaisampayana tells Janamejaya about the birth of gods, demons, and creatures. Brahman's six spiritual sons included Marichi and Atri. Daksha's fifty daughters were given to Dharma, Chandra, and Kasyapa. Aditi's twelve sons, the Adityas, included Indra and Vishnu. This account washes away sins and grants knowledge and a good after-life. |
| 67 Vaisampayana tells Janamejaya about the birth of gods, demons, and creatures from Brahman's sons. Six spiritual sons included Marichi, Angiras, Atri, Pulastya, Pulaha, and Kratu. Daksha's daughters were given to Dharma, Chandra, and Kasyapa, and included Aditi, Diti, and Kadru. The genealogy includes Rudras, Vasus, Maruts, and Viswedevas. |
| 68 Janamejaya asks Vaisampayana about the Kuru dynasty. Vaisampayana describes King Dushmanta, who ruled virtuously and strongly. His reign had no mixed castes, agriculture, mining, or sin. Everyone was virtuous, and the subjects depended on him without fear. The earth was wealthy and full of animals, and the king was loved and ruled well. |
| 69 King Dushmanta, with his large force, enters the forest, causing a loud commotion. Ladies shower him with flowers, comparing him to Sakra. He begins to hunt, killing many deer and tigers with his arrows, sword, and mace, disturbing the forest and causing animals to flee in fear. |
| 70 Dushmanta enters the forest with his army and elephants, and sees a divine female hunter with a golden deer. He orders his soldiers to capture the deer, but it disappears. The hunter tells him it was an illusion, leading him to a beautiful grove where he meets Shakuntala, who captivates him. |
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| 71 Dushmanta, smitten by Shakuntala's beauty, marries her after a traditional union, promising to bring her to his palace. Shakuntala, now his wife, returns to her hermitage, where she is visited by a sage, who tells her of her future. She awaits Dushmanta’s return, who promised to remember her. |
| 72 Shakuntala, pregnant, returns to Dushmanta’s palace but is neglected due to a curse from a sage. Dushmanta, influenced by the curse, rejects her. She gives birth to a son, Bharata, and leaves him in the care of a hermit. Dushmanta later recognizes Bharata as his son and repents for his actions. |
| 73 The curse was lifted when Bharata, now a young man, went to Dushmanta’s court. The king recognized him as his son and welcomed Shakuntala back, restoring her honor. Bharata, praised for his virtues, became a famous king. The lineage continued with his descendants. |
| 74 Dushmanta's story illustrates the importance of honor, virtue, and destiny in ancient times. His actions, guided by fate and divine will, led to the establishment of a powerful lineage and the continuation of a noble dynasty. |
| 75 The Mahabharata's story of Dushmanta and Shakuntala reflects on the significance of fate, righteousness, and the consequences of actions. It highlights the complex interplay between personal virtue and cosmic order. |
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| 76 Vaisampayana recounts the history of King Dushmanta, his encounters with Shakuntala, and the trials they faced. The narrative emphasizes the role of divine intervention, the effects of curses, and the ultimate restoration of honor and lineage. |
| 77 The tale of Dushmanta and Shakuntala is a testament to the impact of divine will on human lives. It shows how destinies are intertwined with cosmic forces and the importance of adhering to righteousness. |
| 78 The Mahabharata, through the story of Dushmanta and Shakuntala, explores themes of duty, honor, and the influence of divine power on human affairs. It serves as a reminder of the moral and ethical challenges faced by individuals and rulers. |
| 79 Vaisampayana's recitation of the Mahabharata, including the tale of Dushmanta and Shakuntala, underscores the complexity of fate, virtue, and cosmic order. The story offers insights into ancient values and the divine influence on human lives. |
| 80 The Mahabharata's narrative, including the accounts of Dushmanta and Shakuntala, reflects the intricate relationship between human actions and divine will. It provides a rich exploration of moral principles and the consequences of one's actions. |
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| 81 Dushmanta's story serves as an important lesson in the values of honor, duty, and virtue. The tale illustrates the profound impact of divine forces on human destiny and the importance of maintaining righteousness. |
| 82 The Mahabharata continues with the histories of the Pandavas and Kauravas, exploring their trials, battles, and the overarching themes of fate and divine intervention. The narrative provides a deep understanding of ancient values and the complexities of human existence. |
| 83 Vaisampayana's recounting of the Mahabharata highlights the rich tapestry of characters and events that shaped the epic's narrative. The story's exploration of duty, honor, and divine will offers valuable lessons and insights. |
| 84 The Mahabharata, through its various stories, including that of Dushmanta and Shakuntala, provides a profound examination of moral and ethical dilemmas faced by individuals. It underscores the importance of adhering to righteousness and the influence of cosmic forces on human lives. |
| 85 Vaisampayana's narrative in the Mahabharata, including the tale of Dushmanta and Shakuntala, serves as a reflection on the interplay between human actions and divine intervention. The story offers valuable insights into ancient values and the significance of maintaining virtue. |
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| 86 The Mahabharata's accounts, including the story of Dushmanta and Shakuntala, illustrate the complex relationship between destiny, duty, and divine will. The epic serves as a rich source of moral and philosophical teachings. |
| 87 The Mahabharata's exploration of themes such as honor, duty, and virtue, as seen in the story of Dushmanta and Shakuntala, provides valuable lessons for understanding the nature of human existence and the influence of divine forces. |
| 88 Vaisampayana's recitation of the Mahabharata, including the tale of Dushmanta and Shakuntala, offers a profound look into the ancient values and the impact of divine will on human lives. The story serves as a reminder of the importance of maintaining righteousness and virtue. |
| 89 The Mahabharata continues to explore the lives and struggles of its characters, emphasizing the themes of duty, honor, and divine intervention. The epic's narrative provides a rich and insightful examination of ancient values and the complexities of human existence. |
| 90 Vaisampayana's storytelling in the Mahabharata highlights the intricate relationships between characters and the divine forces shaping their destinies. The epic's exploration of moral and ethical dilemmas offers valuable lessons for understanding ancient values and human nature. |
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| 91 The Mahabharata, through its rich and diverse narratives, including the story of Dushmanta and Shakuntala, provides deep insights into the nature of duty, honor, and divine influence. The epic serves as a profound reflection on human existence and morality. |
| 92 Vaisampayana's recitation of the Mahabharata continues to delve into the epic's complex themes, offering a detailed examination of the characters' lives and the divine forces shaping their fates. The story emphasizes the importance of virtue, duty, and righteousness. |
| 93 The Mahabharata, through its various tales, including that of Dushmanta and Shakuntala, presents a rich exploration of ancient values and the influence of divine forces. The epic serves as a profound guide to understanding the complexities of human existence and morality. |
| 94 Vaisampayana's narrative in the Mahabharata highlights the significance of duty, honor, and virtue in ancient times. The epic's stories, including those of Dushmanta and Shakuntala, offer valuable lessons and insights into the nature of divine intervention and human actions. |
| 95 The Mahabharata continues to explore the intricate relationships between its characters and the divine forces shaping their destinies. The epic's detailed accounts
provide a rich understanding of ancient values, moral dilemmas, and the influence of cosmic forces on human lives. |
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| 96 The Mahabharata's storylines, including the tale of Dushmanta and Shakuntala, offer profound insights into the nature of duty, honor, and divine will. The epic serves as a comprehensive reflection on ancient values and the complexities of human existence. |
| 97 Vaisampayana's recounting of the Mahabharata provides a deep exploration of the themes of virtue, fate, and divine influence. The epic's narratives, including that of Dushmanta and Shakuntala, offer valuable lessons and reflections on ancient values and human nature. |
| 98 The Mahabharata's exploration of moral and ethical issues, as seen in the story of Dushmanta and Shakuntala, offers a rich understanding of ancient values and the impact of divine forces on human lives. The epic serves as a guide to navigating complex moral dilemmas. |
| 99 Vaisampayana's recitation of the Mahabharata highlights the intricate interplay between human actions and divine will. The epic's stories, including that of Dushmanta and Shakuntala, provide profound insights into ancient values and the nature of human existence. |
| 100 The Mahabharata's rich narratives, including the story of Dushmanta and Shakuntala, offer a comprehensive examination of duty, honor, and divine influence. The epic serves as a profound exploration of the complexities of human existence and moral values. |
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| 101 Santanu's sons, Chitrangada and Vichitravirya, were born of Satyavati. Chitrangada, a powerful prince, was slain by a Gandharva king. Bhishma then installed Vichitravirya, a minor, on the throne, guiding and protecting him as his guardian. |
| 102 Bhishma attended the self-choice ceremony, defeated many monarchs, and took Amba, Ambika, and Ambalika as wives for Vichitravirya. However, Amba left to join her chosen husband, the king of Saubha. Vichitravirya married the other two but died seven years later, leaving no heirs. |
| 103 Satyavati begged Bhishma to marry and produce an heir, but he refused, citing his vow of celibacy and commitment to truth. She appealed to him to consider the emergency, but Bhishma prioritized virtue and suggested consulting experts to find a solution that balances duty and truth. |
| 104 Bhishma told the story of Dirghatamas, a blind Rishi who had 11 children with a Sudra woman and later prophesied that Queen Sudeshna would have 5 children, naming regions after them. This story showed how the Kshatriya race was revived through Brahmanas' seed. |
| 105 Satyavati proposed a solution to perpetuate the Bharata line, revealing her son Vyasa's birth out of wedlock. She requested Vyasa to beget children with Vichitravirya's widows, Ambika and Ambalika. Vyasa agreed, but only if they observed a vow and accepted his appearance. |
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| 106 Vaisampayana continued, "Vyasa met the princess of Kosala, who feared his appearance and closed her eyes. He told Satyavati that her son would be blind. The second wife, Ambalika, was pale with fear, and her son Pandu was born pale. The third wife sent her maid, who begot Vidura." |
| 107 Janamejaya asked about Vidura's curse. Vaisampayana told the story of Mandavya, a devoted ascetic wrongly accused of theft and impaled. Other Rishis, in the form of birds, asked him about his supposed sin, leading Mandavya to reveal the curse. |
| 108 Mandavya, still impaled, asked the god of justice why he was being punished. The god replied that Mandavya had pierced an insect in his childhood, which multiplied into his suffering. Mandavya argued that childhood acts shouldn't be considered sinful and cursed the god to be born in the Sudra order, resulting in his birth as Vidura. |
| 109 The kingdom of the Kurus prospered, with a fertile land, abundant crops, and happy, virtuous people. The capital city was like Amaravati, with many palaces and mansions. The princes grew up skilled in the Vedas, athletics, and morality. Pandu excelled in archery, Dhritarashtra in strength, and Vidura in devotion to virtue. |
| 110 Bhishma sought alliances with three maidens to strengthen their dynasty. He chose Gandhari, daughter of Suvala, who had obtained a boon to have a hundred sons. Despite Dhritarashtra's blindness, Gandhari married him, blindfolding herself out of love and respect. The nuptials were grand, and Gandhari's devotion and conduct pleased the Kurus. |
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| 111 Kunti, given to Kuntibhoja by her father, obtained a mantra from Durvasa and summoned the sun god, Surya. Despite initial refusal, Surya persuaded her, and she gave birth to Karna, born with natural armor and ear-rings. She abandoned him, and he was adopted by Radha and her husband, who named him Vasusena. |
| 112 Vaisampayana said, "Pritha, unable to find a suitor, chose Pandu, the mighty king of the Bharatas, in an assembly of monarchs. They were married, and their union was blessed with good fortune, like the celestial king and queen. Pandu was received back in his capital with grandeur and benedictions." |
| 113 Bhishma arranged Pandu's marriage to Madri, despite a family custom. Pandu then conquered various kingdoms, spreading Kuru fame. He returned to Hastinapura, receiving accolades and wealth, and was welcomed back by Bhishma and the citizens, bringing joy and prosperity to the kingdom. |
| 114 Pandu shared his wealth with his family and retired to the woods with his wives, living a life of hunting and freedom. Bhishma married Vidura to a daughter of king Devaka, and they had many wise children. Pandu's retirement was like a god's, revered by all. |
| 115 Gandhari bore 100 sons and a daughter, granted by Rishi Dwaipayana. Duryodhana's birth was marked by ominous signs, and Brahmanas advised Dhritarashtra to abandon him, but he refused. Meanwhile, Dhritarashtra had another son, Karna, with a Vaisya maid. |
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| 116 Janamejaya asked about Gandhari's daughter, Duhsala. Vaisampayana explained that Gandhari wished for a daughter while the Rishi divided the ball of flesh. The Rishi set aside an extra part, which developed into Duhsala, born from a separate pot of clarified butter. |
| 117 Vaisampayana listed Dhritarashtra's 100 sons, including Duryodhana, Yuyutsu, and Duhsasana, ending with Kundasi and Virajas. Besides these, there was a daughter, Duhsala, who married Jayadratha, king of Sindhu. All were skilled warriors and learned in Vedas and weapons. |
| 118 Pandu, while hunting, killed a deer (actually Rishi Kindama's son) during intercourse, and received a curse: "You will die during sex." Pandu felt remorse, and this curse led to his eventual death. Janamejaya asked Vaisampayana to continue the story of the Pandavas' extraordinary achievements. |
| 119 Pandu, filled with remorse, renounced his kingdom and family to lead a life of asceticism in the woods, accompanied by his wives Kunti and Madri. They gave up wealth and comforts, living on fruits and roots, and practising severe penances in the mountains. |
| 120 Pandu, joined by Kunti and Madri, journeyed with great Rishis to heaven. However, the Rishis warned that the journey would be difficult for his wives. Pandu, concerned about not having an heir, asked Kunti to bear him a son through a Brahmana, citing a precedent from Saradandayana's daughter. |
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| 121 Kunti refused to consider bearing a child through anyone else, expressing devotion to Pandu. She told the story of King Vyushitaswa and Bhadra, who were separated by death, and Bhadra's wish to follow him. An incorporeal voice granted her the boon of bearing
a son through a Brahmana. |
| 122 Kunti followed her husband's instructions, and the sons born of her prayers, through Brahmanas and gods, were named Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva. They were born with great power and qualities, ensuring the continuation of the Kuru dynasty. |
| 123 The sons of Pandu, born of Kunti and Madri, were trained in weapons and scriptures by great teachers. They excelled in skills and valor, receiving blessings from various deities. Their childhood was marked by wisdom and strength, preparing them for their future roles. |
| 124 Pandu's sons were educated in various arts, including archery and martial skills. They showed extraordinary prowess and abilities, winning admiration from the Rishis and sages. Their training prepared them for the challenges they would face in their quest to uphold their family's honor. |
| 125 Pandu, upon hearing of his sons' achievements, was pleased and expressed his gratitude to the deities and sages who helped him. He organized a grand feast to celebrate their success and reaffirmed his commitment to protecting and nurturing his family. |
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| 126 The Pandavas, now young men, set out on a journey to meet their kin and gain experience. They traveled through various lands, encountering and defeating formidable foes, displaying their valor and abilities. Their travels enriched their knowledge and skills. |
| 127 Pandu's sons, having matured into brave warriors, returned to their kingdom. They were welcomed with honor and respect by the citizens and were acclaimed for their achievements. Their return marked the beginning of a new era of prosperity and stability for the Kuru dynasty. |
| 128 Pandu and his family, having returned to their kingdom, celebrated with grand rituals and offerings. The kingdom flourished under their leadership, with peace and prosperity prevailing. The Pandavas continued to excel in their duties, ensuring the well-being of their subjects. |
| 129 Pandu's sons, now seasoned warriors, prepared for their roles as rulers. They undertook various tasks to strengthen their kingdom and ensure its continued prosperity. Their leadership and commitment were evident in their actions, earning them admiration from their allies and subjects. |
| 130 The kingdom of the Kurus experienced a period of great prosperity and stability. The Pandavas, guided by their wisdom and valor, led their people with justice and fairness. Their reign was marked by achievements and prosperity, contributing to the lasting legacy of their dynasty. |
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7 Jatugriha Parva 11 29.8 24:50
| 141 Dhritarashtra made Yudhishthira heir-apparent due to his virtues. The Pandavas excelled in strength and warfare, with Arjuna mastering various weapons and receiving the celestial Brahmasira from Drona. They conquered several kingdoms, extending their own, but Dhritarashtra grew anxious and envious. |
| 142 Kanika advised King Dhritarashtra to destroy his enemies, the Pandavas, by any means, sharing a story about a jackal outsmarting stronger animals. He emphasized caution, humility, patience, and striking when necessary, like a razor, with spies, allies, and prudence in war. |
| 143 Duryodhana, jealous of the Pandavas, conspires with Dhritarashtra and Duhsasana to burn them alive in a house of lac. Vidura discovers the plan and warns Kunti, helping her and her sons escape. The house is set ablaze, killing an innocent woman and her children, and the people believe the Pandavas have perished. |
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| 144 Dhritarashtra hesitates to exile the Pandavas, torn between his son's request and his own sense of justice. Duryodhana assures him of support from Bhishma, Drona, and Aswatthaman, and manipulates his father's fears to further his own interests. |
| 145 Dhritarashtra's counselors praise Varanavata, enticing the Pandavas to attend the Pasupati festival. Yudhishthira agrees, aware of his father's true intentions. He seeks blessings from elders, requesting prosperity and protection from sin. The Kaurava chiefs offer cheerful blessings, hiding their true intentions. The Pandavas depart for Varanavata, unaware of the danger ahead. |
| 146 Duryodhana plots with Purochana to build a flammable house in Varanavata, furnishing it lavishly to lure the Pandavas. Once they're settled, Purochana is to set it ablaze, making it seem accidental. Duryodhana's goal is to eliminate the Pandavas, and Purochana agrees to carry out the sinister plan. |
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| 147 The Pandavas bid farewell to their loved ones and set out for Varanavata, aware of the potential dangers ahead. Vidura warned Yudhishthira in a secret language of a plot to burn them alive and encouraged escape. Kunti learned of the warning and the Pandavas continued their journey, mindful of the risks. |
| 148 The citizens of Varanavata welcomed the Pandavas with joy, unaware of the danger ahead. Yudhishthira detected the inflammable materials in the palace and suspected a plot by Duryodhana to burn them alive. He decided to stay, gather information, and secretly plan an escape route. |
| 149 Vidura's friend, a miner, warns Pandavas of Purochana's plan to set fire to their house. He builds a secret tunnel for their escape, hidden from Purochana's watchful eye. Pandavas pretend trust, awaiting the night of their escape. |
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| 150 Pandavas escape from burning house of lac through secret tunnel, carrying mother and brothers, while citizens mourn their supposed death. Bhima's strength breaks through darkness, leading them to safety. |
| 151 Vidura's agent finds Pandavas, reveals credentials, and presents a sturdy boat. He conveys Vidura's message of encouragement and accompanies them across the river, bidding farewell afterwards. |
| 152 People of Varanavata mourn Pandavas' supposed death, informing Dhritarashtra. King orders funeral rites, unaware of their escape. Pandavas cross Ganga, journey south, and reach a dense forest, where Bhima carries them to safety, relying on his strength and swiftness. |
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| 153 Bhima, with incredible strength, carried his family through a dense forest, breaking through trees and plants. He fetched water from a lake and lamented their fate, sleeping on the hard ground. Bhima cursed their enemies and vowed to protect his family, keeping watch over them as they slept. |
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8 Hidimva-vadha Parva 5 18.8 15:40
| 154 A Rakshasa, Hidimva, sent his sister to bring him the Pandavas to eat. However, she fell in love with Bhima and warned him of her brother's intentions, offering to rescue him. Bhima, devoted to his family, refused to abandon them, confident in his ability to defend them against her cannibal brother. |
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| 155 Bhima and the Rakshasa, Hidimva, clashed in a fierce battle. Bhima dragged the Rakshasa away from his sleeping brothers, breaking trees and creepers. Hidimva attacked with teeth and claws, but Bhima choked him with his mighty arms. With a final cry, Bhima flung the Rakshasa to the ground, ending the battle. The Pandavas awoke to find Bhima victorious, his strength and bravery saving the day. |
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| 156 The Pandavas and Kunti awoke to find Hidimva, the Rakshasa woman, standing before them. She revealed her betrayal of her brother, the Rakshasa, and her love for Bhima. The Rakshasa attacked Bhima but was slain by him. The Pandavas congratulated Bhima on his victory and, with Hidimva, left the forest to avoid Duryodhana's detection. |
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| 157 Hidimva, the Rakshasa woman, stayed with Bhima, vowing loyalty to him and the Pandavas. She gave birth to Ghatotkacha, a mighty warrior, who grew up instantly. Named for his bald head, he was created by Indra to counter Karna's invincibility. Hidimva and Ghatotkacha bid farewell, promising to return when needed. |
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| 158 The Pandavas, with Kunti, wandered as ascetics, studying Vedas and sciences. Meeting Vyasa, he predicted their conquest, sacrifices, and happy rule. Praising Yudhishthira, Bhima, and Arjuna, he left them in a Brahmana's care, promising return. |
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9 Vaka-vadha Parva 8 22.8 19
| 159 Kunti and the Pandavas lived in a Brahmana's home at Ekachakra, surviving on alms. They discovered a demon, Bakasura, terrorized the town, requiring a human sacrifice. Bhima offered himself, killed the demon, and freed the town. The Brahmana blessed the Pandavas, who continued their life in disguise. |
| 160 The Brahmana's wife offered herself to the demon Bakasura, ensuring her family's safety. She believed a woman's highest duty was to sacrifice herself for her husband's well-being. With conviction, she convinced her husband, and they shared a sorrowful embrace, both weeping in silence. Her selfless act was driven by her commitment to her family, choosing death over compromising their future. |
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| 161 The daughter urged her parents to sacrifice her to the demon Bakasura, saving their lives and lineage. She argued that children should rescue their parents, and her sacrifice would perpetuate her father's race. The family wept, but the young son's bravery brought hope, and Kunti intervened to revive their spirits. |
| 162 Pandavas moved to the forest and settled in the Himalayas, where they lived in tranquility, dedicating their lives to religious practice and penance. Arjuna met the great sage, Markandeya, who advised him on future challenges and how to overcome them, emphasizing the importance of patience, strength, and wisdom. |
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| 163 Arjuna and the Pandavas faced many trials and adventures in the Himalayas. They encountered sages, demons, and divine beings, learning valuable lessons from each encounter. The Pandavas' virtues and strength were tested, but they remained steadfast in their commitment to dharma, guided by Arjuna's leadership and the wisdom of the sages they met. |
| 164 Yudhishthira, in his quest for knowledge and righteousness, engaged in dialogues with various sages and learned from their teachings. His wisdom and patience were evident as he navigated complex moral dilemmas, strengthening his resolve to uphold dharma and fulfill his duties as a king and protector of his people. |
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| 165 The Pandavas continued their journey, encountering divine beings who blessed them with powerful weapons and knowledge. These encounters further prepared them for their eventual return to reclaim their kingdom. Their unwavering commitment to dharma and their growing strength earned them respect and support from both gods and sages. |
| 166 Arjuna performed penance to gain the favor of the gods, seeking powerful weapons to aid his brothers. His devotion and perseverance were rewarded when he received the celestial weapons and knowledge needed for the upcoming battles. His dedication highlighted his role as a key player in the Pandavas' quest to reclaim their kingdom. |
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10 Chaitraratha Parva 19 65 54:10
| 167 The Pandavas faced numerous challenges and battles during their exile, showcasing their strength, courage, and wisdom. They gained allies and support from various kingdoms and divine beings, further solidifying their position as rightful heirs to the throne. |
| 168 Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva continued their journey, encountering different kingdoms and gaining support. Their adventures included battles with demons, encounters with sages, and the acquisition of divine weapons. Their dedication to righteousness and their strategic prowess became evident through these trials. |
| 169 The Pandavas' strength and determination were tested as they faced formidable opponents and overcame various obstacles. Their commitment to dharma and their ability to maintain their moral integrity in the face of adversity were crucial to their journey and eventual success. |
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| 170 The Pandavas continued to gather allies and prepare for their return to reclaim their kingdom. Their strategic alliances and the support of divine beings played a significant role in their preparation for the upcoming conflict. |
| 171 As the Pandavas' journey progressed, they encountered various challenges and adversaries. Their unwavering commitment to their goals and their ability to navigate complex situations demonstrated their strength and leadership qualities. |
| 172 The Pandavas' efforts to gather support and strengthen their position continued. They engaged in diplomatic negotiations and strategic planning to ensure their success in reclaiming their kingdom and upholding righteousness. |
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| 173 The Pandavas' journey was marked by significant events and encounters. Their experiences and the wisdom they gained along the way prepared them for the ultimate challenge of reclaiming their kingdom. |
| 174 The Pandavas' continued efforts to build alliances and prepare for their return were crucial to their success. Their strategic planning and commitment to their cause were evident in their actions and decisions. |
| 175 The Pandavas faced various trials and tribulations as they continued their journey. Their resilience and determination were key factors in their progress and eventual success. |
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| 176 The Pandavas' strategic alliances and preparations played a significant role in their quest. Their ability to navigate complex situations and maintain their commitment to dharma were crucial to their journey. |
| 177 As the Pandavas neared their goal, their efforts to reclaim their kingdom intensified. Their strategic planning and alliances were essential to their success in the upcoming battles. |
| 178 The Pandavas' preparations and strategic planning continued as they approached the final stages of their journey. Their commitment to their cause and their ability to overcome obstacles were evident in their actions. |
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| 179 The Pandavas' final preparations for reclaiming their kingdom were marked by significant events and challenges. Their strategic planning and alliances played a crucial role in their success. |
| 180 The Pandavas' journey reached its climax as they prepared for the ultimate battle to reclaim their kingdom. Their unwavering commitment to dharma and their strategic prowess were pivotal in their quest for victory. |
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11 Swayamvara Parva 9 27.5 22:55
| 181 Vasishtha continued the story, revealing Aurva's thirst for vengeance against the Kshatriyas who slaughtered his ancestors. Despite restoring the princes' sight, Aurva sought destruction, but his ancestors, the Pitris, urged him to control his wrath and follow a path of peace and wisdom. |
| 182 Aurva refused to relent, arguing his wrath was just and necessary. The Pitris suggested a compromise: cast his fiery wrath into the waters, sparing the worlds. Aurva agreed, transforming the fire into Vadavamukha, which consumes the ocean's waters. The Pitris praised his decision, urging him to spare the worlds. |
| 183 Parasara performed a Rakshasa sacrifice, slaying many, but Pulastya and other Rishis intervened, urging him to end the sacrifice and choose peace, reminding him his father's fate was a result of his own actions. |
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| 184 King Kalmashapada, under a curse, devoured a Brahmana and was cursed by the Brahmani to die if he united with his wife. Instead, Vasishtha would father a son with the queen, perpetuating the royal lineage. |
| 185 The Pandavas sought a priest and were directed to Dhaumya, a Veda-knowing Brahmana at Utkochaka. They installed him as their priest, receiving his blessings. Dhaumya, a master of the Vedas, became their spiritual preceptor, seeing them as already restored to their kingdom. |
| 186 The Pandavas met Brahmanas on their way to Panchala, who invited them to Draupadi's Swayamvara, a grand festival where princes would gather to win her hand. The Brahmanas described Draupadi's beauty and the festivities, and the Pandavas joined them, eager to behold her and partake in the celebrations. |
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| 187 The Pandavas arrived in Panchala, staying in a potter's house. King Drupada proclaimed the Swayamvara, where the winner would marry his daughter Krishna. Many kings and Rishis attended, and Dhrishtadyumna announced the rules: shooting a mark with five arrows would win her hand. |
| 188 Dhrishtadyumna presented the assembled kings and princes, including the Kauravas and Karna, to compete for Draupadi's hand. Many prominent figures from the Mahabharata were included, showcasing the grandeur of the Swayamvara ceremony. Draupadi had a diverse range of suitors to choose from, each with unique qualities and strengths. |
| 189 Princes gathered to win Draupadi's hand, driven by pride and desire. Krishna and Valadeva saw the Pandavas' strength, but others were blinded by desire. One by one, they failed to string the bow, including Karna, Sisupala, Jarasandha, and Salya. The assembly ridiculed them, and Arjuna stepped forward, causing tension and anticipation among the celestial beings. |
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| 190 Arjuna, the high-souled Jishnu, arose and advanced towards the bow. Some Brahmanas doubted him, but others saw his strength and resolution. He strung the bow in an instant, shot the mark, and won Draupadi's hand, amidst joy and celebration from the gods and the amphitheatre. |
| 191 Enraged monarchs plotted to slay Drupada and his son, but Bhima and Arjuna stood ready to defend. Bhima uprooted a tree, while Arjuna drew his bow. Krishna and Valadeva recognized the Pandavas, praising their feats. The Pandavas, ready to face danger, stood strong, their bond and bravery evident. |
| 192 Arjuna and Bhima, disguised as Brahmanas, fought Karna and Salya. Their skills impressed all, with Bhima overpowering Salya. The monarchs, wondering if they were Pandavas, retreated. Krishna intervened, ending the fight. Kunti, anxious about her sons' delay, was relieved by their safe return, their true identities still hidden. |
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| 193 Kunti mistakenly told her sons to enjoy "alms" (Draupadi). Yudhishthira suggested Arjuna marry her, but he refused, citing virtue. The brothers agreed to share her as wife, avoiding conflict. Krishna and Valadeva arrived, recognized them, and rejoiced, praising their strength and resilience. |
| 194 Dhrishtadyumna secretly observed the Pandavas at the potter's house. Kunti instructed Draupadi on sharing food and bedding among the brothers. In the morning, Dhrishtadyumna reported to King Drupada, revealing the Pandavas' identity and their noble conversation, alleviating Drupada's concerns about his daughter's union. |
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12 Vaivahika Parva 7 25 20:50
| 195 Dhrishtadyumna told King Drupada about the Pandavas' prowess and noble conversation. He described how Arjuna won Draupadi's hand and how they lived together, sharing food and bedding. The king's priest confirmed their identity as Pandu's sons, fulfilling Drupada's desire to unite Arjuna with his daughter. |
| 196 King Drupada prepared a grand feast for Draupadi's wedding and invited the Pandavas. They arrived, and Kunti and Draupadi were welcomed. The Pandavas, dressed in deer-skins, sat fearlessly on costly seats, enjoyed a grand meal, and showed interest in the utensils of war. Drupada was overjoyed, understanding them to be of royal blood. |
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| 197 King Drupada asked Yudhishthira about their identity, and Yudhishthira revealed they were Pandu's sons, who won Draupadi's hand. Drupada was overjoyed, vowing to restore Yudhishthira to his throne. He offered Draupadi to Arjuna, but Yudhishthira insisted they share wives, citing their mother's wishes. Drupada agreed, and the matter was put off until the next day, with Vyasa's arrival. |
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| 198 Vyasa arrived and was revered by all. Drupada asked about the propriety of one woman marrying five men, citing its contradiction to tradition and the Vedas. Vyasa asked for each person's opinion, and the group discussed the matter, with Yudhishthira arguing it was virtuous and Kunti supporting him, while Drupada and Dhrishtadyumna expressed reservations. |
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| 199 Vyasa told Drupada that the Pandavas were former Indras, reborn due to their pride. Draupadi, born from the earth, was celestial Sri, appointed as their common wife. Drupada was granted celestial sight, beholding the Pandavas in their former glory, and was amazed by Vyasa's revelation. |
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| 200 Drupada accepted the fate ordained by the gods and proceeded with the wedding. Yudhishthira married Krishna first, followed by his brothers. The ceremony took place on an auspicious day, with the moon in the Pushya constellation. Drupada gifted the Pandavas with wealth, cars, elephants, and servants. |
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13 Viduragamana Parva 8 21.6 18
| 201 Kunti blessed Krishna, wishing her happiness, prosperity, and devotion to her husbands. Krishna received gifts from Hari, including gold ornaments, robes, blankets, vessels, servants, elephants, and horses. Yudhishthira accepted the gifts with joy, gratifying Govinda. The occasion marked a new chapter in the Pandavas' lives, with Krishna as their queen. |
| 202 Monarchs who gathered for Draupadi's self-choice were shocked to learn she married the Pandavas, thought to have perished in the house of lac. Duryodhana and brothers returned to Hastinapura, ashamed and depressed. Vidura was overjoyed, informing Dhritarashtra of the truth, but the blind king initially misunderstood. |
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| 203 Dhritarashtra sought advice from Duryodhana and Karna to weaken the Pandavas without alerting Vidura. Duryodhana proposed strategies like sowing discord, bribery, and assassination, targeting Bhima, the Pandavas' strongest warrior. |
| 204 Karna advised Duryodhana to use force to defeat the Pandavas, as subtle strategies would fail. He believed the Pandavas were invulnerable and their allies would remain loyal. Dhritarashtra applauded Karna's words and called a council to determine the best course of action. |
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| 205 Bhishma advised Dhritarashtra to make peace with the Pandavas, giving them half the kingdom, as they were equally entitled. He warned Duryodhana that refusing to share would lead to dishonor and evil consequences. |
| 206 missing |
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| 207 Vidura urged Dhritarashtra to listen to Bhishma and Drona, who were impartial and truthful. He said the Pandavas were equally entitled to the kingdom and warned that they were invincible in battle. Vidura advised Dhritarashtra to behave virtuously and secure the alliance of Drupada and the Dasarhas, led by Krishna. |
| 208 Dhritarashtra acknowledged the Pandavas as his sons and ordered Vidura to bring them to Hastinapura. Vidura arrived at Drupada's abode, conveyed the message, and gave the Pandavas jewels and wealth. He requested Drupada to permit their return, emphasizing the Kurus' eagerness to reunite with them. |
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| 209 Drupada agreed to let the Pandavas return to Hastinapura. They journeyed there with Krishna and Vidura, receiving a warm welcome from the Kauravas and the citizens. They worshipped Dhritarashtra and Bhishma, then rested in their chambers. Later, Dhritarashtra offered them half the kingdom, which they accepted, and built the city of Indraprastha, a second heaven. |
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14 Rajya-labha Parva 5 18.9 15:45
| 210 Janamejaya asked about the Pandavas' life in Indraprastha. Vaisampayana replied that they lived happily, ruled virtuously, and discharged duties together. Narada visited, advising them to avoid disunion, telling the story of Sunda and Upasunda, who killed each other over Tilottama. |
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| 211 Narada told Yudhishthira about Sunda and Upasunda, brothers who performed ascetic penances to gain boons from Brahman. They sought knowledge, strength, and powers of illusion, but Brahman refused immortality, making them vulnerable only to each other. They returned to their city, where they were greeted with joy and celebration, and lived happily, their bond strong. |
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| 212 Narada described the conquest of the three worlds by Sunda and Upasunda, who slaughtered Brahmanas and royal sages, causing chaos and devastation. The earth became desolate, sacrifices ceased, and people lived in terror. The Sun, Moon, and stars grieved at the destruction. The brothers' reign was marked by cruelty and darkness, devoid of dharma and righteousness. |
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| 213 Narada described how Brahman created Tilottama, a celestial maiden of extraordinary beauty, to tempt the Asura brothers Sunda and Upasunda. Her beauty captivated the gaze of all, including Mahadeva, who grew a thousand eyes to behold her. With her mission underway, the celestials considered the task already accomplished. |
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| 214 Narada told the Pandavas how the Asura brothers, Sunda and Upasunda, quarreled over Tilottama's beauty and killed each other. He cautioned the Pandavas against similar strife over Draupadi, prompting them to establish a rule to avoid conflict and ensure harmony among themselves. |
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15 Arjuna-vanavasa Parva 6 14.2 41:40
| 215 Arjuna protected a Brahmana's cattle, then exiled himself for 12 years due to entering Yudhishthira's chamber, violating their rule. Yudhishthira tried to dissuade him, but Arjuna upheld truth and virtue, departing to the forest, showcasing his unwavering dedication to duty. |
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| 216 Arjuna, taken by Ulupi to the underwater palace, was asked to gratify her desire. Bound by his vow, he refused, but Ulupi's words moved him. He acquiesced, spent the night with her, and received a boon making him invincible in water, showcasing his compassion and commitment to virtue. |
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| 217 Arjuna visited sacred regions, performed rituals, and gave away wealth. He met King Chitravahana and his daughter Chitrangada in Manipura, desired to marry her, and accepted the condition that their son would perpetuate the king's race. He stayed for three years, until Chitrangada gave birth to a son, then continued his journey. |
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| 218 Arjuna bathed in sacred Saubhadra, despite warnings. A crocodile seized his leg, but he dragged it ashore, and it transformed into Varga, an Apsara. She was cursed for disturbing a Brahmana's meditation, but Arjuna freed her, restoring her celestial form. |
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| 219 Varga and her companions, cursed by a Brahmana, were transformed into crocodiles. Narada told them Arjuna would free them. Arjuna restored their celestial forms, and they thanked him, departing joyful. He then reunited with Chitrangada and their son in Manipura, continuing his journey to Gokarna. |
| 220 Arjuna and Krishna reunited at Prabhasa, sharing stories and enjoying performances at Raivataka mountain. They rode a golden chariot to Dwaraka, where the city was adorned to honor Arjuna, and he received a warm welcome from the citizens and his peers, residing in Krishna's mansion for many days. |
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16 Subhadra-harana Parva 2 5.6 4:40
| 5-221 At the Raivataka mountain festival, Krishna and Arjuna enjoyed the festivities, but Arjuna was captivated by Krishna's sister, Bhadra. Krishna offered to help him win her hand, suggesting a forcible abduction, as self-choice was uncertain. They informed Yudhishthira, who agreed to the plan, setting the stage for a dramatic marriage. |
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| 5-222 Arjuna abducted Subhadra, Krishna's sister, with Krishna's consent, sparking outrage among the Yadavas. Valadeva rebuked them for acting without Krishna's counsel, and they awaited his decision, eager for battle. Valadeva denounced Arjuna's actions, vowing to destroy the Kauravas if necessary, and the assembly roared in approval, awaiting Krishna's response. |
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17 Haranaharana Parva 1 8.9 7:25
| 5-223 Krishna and other Vrishni heroes attended Arjuna's wedding to Subhadra in Indraprastha, bringing many gifts. Subhadra gave birth to Abhimanyu, a great warrior who acquired knowledge from his father and Krishna. Draupadi's five sons, each from a different husband, also became great warriors. The Pandavas were filled with joy, having obtained sons equal to the children of the celestials. |
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18 Arjuna-vanavasa Parva 13 46.9 39:05
| 5-224 The Pandavas ruled Indraprastha with balance and virtue, bringing happiness to their subjects. Arjuna and Krishna went to the Yamuna River, enjoying food, drink, and music with friends. The women, including Draupadi and Subhadra, sported and gave away costly items. A radiant Brahmana approached Arjuna and Krishna, who rose to await his commands. |
| 5-225 Agni, satiated after 12 years of clarified butter, lost his strength and went to Brahman for help. He was told to consume Khandava forest to regain his strength. Despite seven attempts, Agni was thwarted by the forest's creatures until Arjuna and Krishna helped him succeed, fending off Indra's showers and escaping creatures. |
| 5-226 Agni, still ailing, sought Brahman's advice and was directed to Arjuna and Krishna. Agni requested their help in consuming the Khandava forest, despite Indra's protection. Arjuna asked for suitable weapons and a car, and Agni granted their requests, pleased with their willingness to help. |
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| 5-227 Agni granted Arjuna and Krishna divine weapons and a celestial car. Arjuna received Gandiva, two quivers, and a car with a fierce ape flag. Krishna received a discus and mace. With these, they prepared to help Agni consume the Khandava forest, surrounded by flames, ready to fight any foe. |
| 5-228 Arjuna and Krishna slaughtered creatures in the Khandava forest, preventing escape. The forest burned, creatures ran about, scorched and burnt. Indra showered rain, but the heat dried it up. The forest continued to burn, filled with smoke and lightning, despite Indra's heavier downpour. |
| 5-229 Arjuna and Krishna fought against Indra and the celestials, deflecting their attacks with their weapons. Agni blazed forth, filling the universe with his roar. The battle raged on, with both sides showing great prowess, until the celestials retreated in fear. Indra showered Arjuna with stones and hurled a mountain peak at him, but Arjuna deflected them with his arrows. |
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| 5-230 Krishna and Arjuna fought against the celestials, including Indra, to protect the forest of Khandava. They emerged victorious, with Krishna's discus and Arjuna's arrows slaughtering hundreds. The celestials retreated, and Indra praised them, acknowledging their invincibility. The forest was consumed by fire, with Agni being gratified by the sacrifice. |
| 5-231 The Sarngakas were spared from the forest fire due to their father Mandapala's praise and requests to Agni. Mandapala, a Rishi, had assumed their form to beget offspring and gratified Agni, who spared his children in their eggs. |
| 5-232 Jarita, the mother bird, was distraught as the forest fire approached, threatening her four infant sons. The infants urged her to save herself, ensuring their race's continuation. They refused to enter a nearby mouse hole, fearing the mouse, and chose to face the fire, considering it a more noble death. |
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| 5-235 Mandapala worried about his children's safety from the fire, but his second wife Lapita accused him of still being attached to his first wife Jarita. Jarita arrived, reunited with their children, and rebuked Mandapala for abandoning her. Mandapala warned that women cannot be trusted, citing Arundhati's jealousy. Eventually, the children worshiped him, and he spoke kindly to them. |
| 5-236 Mandapala reunited with his family, and Agni, pleased with Arjuna and Krishna's help, offered boons. Arjuna asked for Indra's weapons, and Krishna asked for eternal friendship. Indra granted their wishes and ascended to heaven. Agni praised Arjuna and Krishna, granting them freedom to go wherever they chose. |
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